Toxicity of Vanadium, Cadmium, Chromium and Iron on the Kidney Status of Occupational Photocopier Operators at the University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria- A Pilot Study
Barre latérale de l'article
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
There is conflicting information on the adverse health effects of photocopier toner powder on operators.This study aim to determine the possible nephrotoxic effects of some commercially available photocopier toners and establish the reference ranges of the selected heavy metals (vanadium, cadmium, chromium and iron) for residents of Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from photocopier operators and technicians resident in Benin City, Nigeria. Renal function and the levels of heavy metals of theses samples were assessed. The biochemical parameters used to evaluate renal function include: urea, creatinine and electrolytes. Heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, sodium and potassium ions were analyzed by flame emission photometry, urea was analyzed by the urease-betherlot method, creatinine was analyzed using the Jaffe technique while chloride and bicarbonate ions were analyzed using the Schales and Schales method and acid-base back titration respectively. Plasma levels of cadmium and iron were found to be significantly lower (P<0.01) in the test subjects relative to their controls. Urea and potassium ions were found to be significantly elevated in the test subjects relative to their controls at P<0.01. Creatinine, chromium and vanadium were also found to be elevated in test subjects relative to their controls; though these were not statistically significant at P>0.05. The results obtained from this study are suggestive of renal damage. Also, prolonged exposure to photocopier toner powder may be a risk factor for the development of iron deficiency anaemia.
Téléchargements
Renseignements sur l'article
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Références
Degussa (1998). Heavy metals in Printex 90. BSL Bioservice project NO.: 980926 (Unpublished studies of Degussa AG).
Elsenhans, B., Strugala, G.J. and Schafer, S.G. (1997). Small intestinal absorption of cadmium and the significance of mucosal metallothionein. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16: 429-434.
Ewers, U. and Nowak, D. (2006). Health hazards caused by laser printers and copiers. Gefahrstoffe-Reinhalt. 66(5): 203-210.
Furkawa, Y., Aizawa, Y., Okada, M., Watanabe, M., Niitsuya, M. and Kotani, M (2002). Negative effect of photocopier toner on alveolar macrophages determined by in vitro magnetometric evaluation. Ind. Hlth. 40: 214-221.
Gminski, R., Decker, K., Heinz, C., Seidel, A., Konczol, M., Goldenberg, E., Groberty, B., Ebner, W., Giere, R. and Mersch-Sundermann, V (2011). Gentotoxic effect of three toner powders and their dimethyl sulfoxide extracts in cultured human epithelial A549 lung cells in vitro. Env. Mol. Mut. 52: 296-309.
Jungnickel, F., Kubina, A. and Patrzek, F (2002). Content of heavy metals in toner powders. Umweltmed Forsch Prax. 5:289-291.
Kiilunen, M; Kivisto, H; Ala-Laurila, P. (1993). Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium: tissue levels and treatment by exchange transfusion. Br. J. Ind. Med. 37:114-120.
Lindberg, E., and Vesterberg, O. (1983). Urinary excretion of proteins in chromeplaters, exchromeplaters and referents. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Hlth. 9: 505-510.
Mancuso, T.F. (1997). Chromium as an industrial carcinogen: Part 1. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:129-139.
Minoia, C and Cavalleri, A. (1998). Chromium in the urine, serum and red blood cells in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to different chromium valency states. Sci Total Environ 71: 213-221.
Orisakwe,O.E; Nwachukwu,E; Osadolor,H.B; Afonne,O.J. and Okocha,C.E.(2007) :Liver and Kidney Function testsAmongst Paint Factory
Workers in Nkpor,Nigeria. Toxicol.and Indust. Health 23:161-165
Osadolor,H.B; Igharo,O.G; Okuo,R.O. and Anukam,K.C.(2013): Evaluation of Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead in Occupationally Exposed Painters with Administration of Probiotic(Lactobaccilus pentosus kca 1) Supplemented Yoghurt: A Pilot Study.J.Med and
Biomed. Res.12(2):166-172
Schales, O. and Schales, S.A. (1941). A simple and accurate method for the determination of chloride in biological fluids. J. Biol. Chem. 140: 879-884.
Taussky, H.H. (1961). Creatinine and Creatine in Urine and Serum. In: Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry, Seligon, D. (Ed.). Academic Press, New York.