Phytochemical and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation Of The Aqueous, Methanol, Butanol and Petroleum Ether Crude Extracts of the Leaf of Boerhavia Diffusa (Nyctaginaceae)
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The Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous, methanol, butanol and petroleum ether crude extracts of Boerhavia diffusa against some clinical isolates were studied using standard phytochemical and microbiological methods. Organisms isolated from wounds, oral infections and urine samples were sourced from the Medical Microbiology laboratory of University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) and the standard strains of microorganisms from the Pharmaceut ical Microbiology Department of University of Benin (UNIBEN). The organisms used for the study include, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli as well as the standard strains; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236. The sensitivity of the clinical isolates and standard organisms was carried out using the ditch plate and agar well diffusion method. Results of preliminary sensitivity test using the ditch plate method showed lack of activity of the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts to the test organisms whereas the methanol and butanol extracts were act ive against all the test isolates except P. vulgaris. There was no significant difference in the zones of inhibit ion recorded for the methanol and
butanol extracts. The standard strains of bacteria were more susceptible than their clinically isolated counterp art.
However, the difference in susceptibility between the isolates and the standard strains was not statistically significant. The activity of the extracts was significant (**P<0.01) relative to the negative control (sterile distilled water). The difference in activity between the active extracts and the positive control (ciprofloxacin) was statistically significant (*P<0.05) at the concentrations used. Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of some secondary metabolites (anthraquinone, phenolics, tannins, steroids, carbohydrate, alkaloids and saponins) in the extract. The findings from this study showed the presence of pharmacologically important phytochemicals and the antimicrobial act ivity validates the therapeutic use of the plant.
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