Phytochemical Profiling and In vivo Antimalarial Evaluation of the Stem Bark of Enantia chlorantha in Plasmodium berghei infected mice
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Malaria is one of the significant public health diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa with a high mortality rate, especially among underage children and pregnant women. The rate of development of resistance to the current drugs in clinical use to treat the disease is alarming, especially strains resistant to ACTs. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo potential of Enantia chlorantha, a medicinal plant used to treat malaria in Nigeria and other African countries.
Methods: Plasmodium berghei (NK65) infected mice were treated with methanol extract and fractions of Enantia chlorantha using the curative assay method (Rane's test). The antioxidant activity of the extract and fractions was determined using the DPPH and FRAP assays and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Results: The extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, etc., but no tannins and anthraquinones. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 86.2±22.42 and 146±5.1 for the extract. The extract showed percentage inhibition in the antioxidant assay with an IC50 value of 43 µg/mL compared to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50=0.1 µg/mL). In vivo, antimalarial screening revealed that on day 7 post-inoculation, the untreated mice had a 27.6 % percentage parasitaemia, artesunate (0.6%), and ACT showed complete parasitaemia clearance.
Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed the extract of Enantia chlorantha exhibited a suppressive parasitaemia effect in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice after 14 days of treatment post-inoculation, suggesting its potential use in suppressive malaria treatment only.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
WHO (2024), https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria
Snow RW. Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa. BMC Med. 2015;13:23. doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0254-7.
Battle KE, Gething PW, Elyazar IR, Moyes CL, Sinka ME, Howes RE, Guerra CA, Price RN, Baird JK, Hay SI. The global public health significance of Plasmodium vivax. Adv. Parasitol. 2012;80:1-11.
Davis CC, Choisy P. Medicinal plants meet modern biodiversity science. Curr. Biol. 2024;34(4):R158-73.
Pirintsos S, Panagiotopoulos A, Bariotakis M, Daskalakis V, Lionis C, Sourvinos G, Karakasiliotis I, Kampa M, Castanas E. From traditional ethnopharmacology to modern natural drug discovery: A methodology discussion and specific examples. Molecules. 2022;27(13):4060.
Akinwale SG, Chukwu OE, Chioma OP, Chukudi AJ, Olubunmi AG. Enantia chlorantha: A review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2022;11:34-8.
Olivier D, Van Vuuren S, Moteetee A. Annickia affinis and A. chlorantha (Enantia chlorantha) – a review of two closely related medicinal plants from tropical Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 176:438-462.
Gill IS and Akinwunmi C. Nigerian Folk Medicine: Practices and Beliefs of the Ondo People. J. Ethnopharma. 1986. 18(3): 259 – 266.
Odugbemi TO, Akinsulire OR, Aibinu IE, Fabeku PO. Medicinal plants useful for malaria therapy in Okeigbo, Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria, African. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2007; 4(2):191-198.
Ogbonna DN, Sokari TG, Agomuoh AA. Antimalarial activities of some selected traditional herbs from South Eastern Nigeria against Plasmodium species. J. Parasitol. Res. 2008; 3(1): 25–31.
Hamonnière M, Leboeuf A, Paris RR. Alcaloïdes des annonacées: Alcaloïdes de Enantia chlorantha Olivier. Planta Medica. 1975; 9(4), 296–303
Jalander L, Sjöholm R, Virtanen P. Protoberberine alkaloids from the bark of Enantia chlorantha. Collect. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun. 1990; 55: 2095–1178.
Tan PV, Nyasse B, Enow-Orock GE, Wafo P, Forcha EA. Prophylactic and healing properties of a new anti-ulcer compound from Enantia chlorantha in rats. Phytomedicine. 2000 ;7(4):291-6.
Wafo P, Nyasse B, Fontaine C. A 7,8-dihydro-8-hydroxypalmatine from Enantia chlorantha. Phytochemistry. 1999a; 50: 279–281.
Imieje V, Zaki AA, Fasinu PS, Ali Z, Khan IA, Tekwani B, Khan SI, Nosa EO, Falodun A. Antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity studies of fractions and compounds from Enantia chlorantha. TJNPR. 2017;1(2):89-94.
Ayeni MJ, Oyeyemi SD, Kayode J, Peter GP. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral analyses of the leaves of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Momordica charantia L. J. Nat. Sci. Res. 2015;5(6):99-107.
African Pharmacopoeia, 2014. http://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/1845
Kim KH, Tsao R, Yang R, Cui SW. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food. Chem. 2006; 95: 466-473
Ebrahimzadeh MA, Pourmorad F, Bekhradnia AR. Iron chelating activity, phenol, and flavonoid content of some medicinal plants from Iran. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2008;7(18).
Jain A, Soni M, Deb L, Jain A, Rout SP, Gupta VB, Krishna KL Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Mormordica dioica Roxb leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 115 (1): 61-66.
Fogliano V, Verde V, Randazzo G, Ritieni A. Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47: 1035-1040.
Roach JS, McLean S, Reynolds WF, Tinto WF. Cassane diterpenoids of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. J. Nat. Prod. 2003; (66): 1378-1383.
Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol. 1983 ;54:275-87.
Oladeji OS, Oluyori AP, Dada AO. Antiplasmodial activity of Morinda lucida Benth. Leaf and bark extracts against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(4):2475-2482. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.017.
Kawale KA, Autade NB, Narhare SH, Mhetrea RL. A review on fast-dissolving oral film. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2023;7:17.
Adesokan AA, Akanji MA. Antimalarial bioactivity of Enantia chlorantha stem bark. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010: 441-447.
Bassey AI, Ettebong EO. Anti-oxidant, Histopathology and LD50 Evaluation of Ethanol Stem Bark Extract of Enantia chlorantha in Rodents. Med Aromat Plants. 2017;6(300):2167-0412.
Kuissu Mimosette M, Enow-Orock George E, Mezui Christophe N, Ernestine Z, Benjamin N, Siwe Gael T. Evaluation of the toxicity of the aqueous stem bark extract of Enantia chlorantha on some reproductive and developmental parameters. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2020; 8(2): 86-94
Odugbemi TO, Akinsulire OR, Aibinu IE, Fabeku PO. Medicinal plants useful for malaria therapy in Okeigbo, Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria, Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2007; 4(2):191-198.
Dildar, A., Muhammad, M.K., Ramsha, S. Comparative analysis of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antibacterial potential of methanolic, hexane and aqueous extracts from Adiantum caudatum leaves. US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. 2015; 4(2): 394-409.
Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2005; 53:1841-1856.
Fernandes, A.J.D., Ferreira, M.R.A., Randau, K.P., Souza, T.P., Soares, L.A.L. Total flavonoid content in the raw material and aqueous extractives from Bauhinia monandra Kurz (Caesalpiniaceae). Sci.World J. 2012, 99234622, doi: 10.1100/2012/932462.
Adom KK, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of grains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50, 6182-6187.
Chandrasekara, A., Shahidi, F. Content of insoluble bound phenolics in millets and their contribution to antioxidant capacity. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2010; 58, 6706-6714.
Olanlokun, J.O., Akomolafe, S.F. Antioxidant potentials of various solvent extracts from stem bark of Enantia chlorantha. JBiSE. 2013; 6: 877–884.
Prakash D, Upadhyay G, Pushpangadan P, Gupta C. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some fruits. J. Complement. Integr. Med. 2011;8(1):1-6.
Vennerstrom, J.L., Klayman, D.L. Protoberberine alkaloids as antimalarials. J. Med. Chem. 1988; 31: 1084–1087.
Agbaje EO, Onabanjo AO. The effects of extracts of Enantia chlorantha in malaria. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1991; 85(6), 585–590.
Kimbi HK, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF. Efficacy of Cymbogon giganteus and Enantia chlorantha against chloroqiune resistant Plasmodium yoeliinigeriensis. East Afr. Med. J. 1996; 73(100): 636–637.
Adebajo AC, Odediran SA, Aliyu FA, Nwafor PA, Nwoko NT, Umana US. In vivo antiplasmodial potentials of the combinations of four Nigerian antimalarial plants. Molecules. 2014;19(9):13136-46.
Adeyemi AA, Gbolade AA, Moody JO, Ogbole OO, Fasanya MT. Traditional anti-fever phytotherapies in Sagamu and Remo north districts in Ogun State, Nigeria. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants. 2010;16(3-4):203-18.