Extraction, Microbial Load and Acute Toxicity Determinations of the Exudate Gum of Anacardium occidentale - A Potential Excipient in Drug Delivery

Main Article Content

M. O. Ologunagba
C. P. Azubuike
B. O. Silva

Abstract

Natural polymers are increasingly used as excipients in formulation systems over the synthetics due to their comparative advantages. Exudate bark gum of Anacardium occidentale (family: Anacardiaceae) has been suggested for its potential usefulness in drug delivery systems. Characterizations of material substances are an integral part of excipient development. This study sought to extract Anacardium occidentale gum (AoG) from the crude exudate and determine its microbial load and acute toxicity using established methods and official guidelines. Data were expressed as mean Standard Error of the Mean (± SEM) and were statistically analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); level of significance was set at (P < 0.05). High yield, 72% w/w of the extracted gum was achieved. Microbial evaluation revealed the absence of objectionable organisms such as Salmonella species, Shigella species, Proteus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera and Bile Tolerant Gram-Negative bacteria. Total aerobic microbial, yeast and mould counts were 1.70x10² and 6 x101 respectively. These values did not exceed the microbial limits specified by the United States Pharmacopoeia. LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg was obtained. There was no observance in the experimental animals of any morbidity, mortality or signs of acute toxicity, treatment related abnormalities on the body weights, haematological parameters and organs histopathology at all the administered doses. There was no significance on these parameters between the control and AoG tested groups.
AoG microbial and acute toxicity profiles have suggested its safety and potential excipient usefulness in formulation systems such as drug delivery.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ologunagba , M. O., Azubuike, C. P., & Silva , B. O. (2020). Extraction, Microbial Load and Acute Toxicity Determinations of the Exudate Gum of Anacardium occidentale - A Potential Excipient in Drug Delivery. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research, 6(2), 31–43. Retrieved from http://mail.nijophasr.net/index.php/nijophasr/article/view/177
Section
Articles
Author Biographies

M. O. Ologunagba

Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos.

C. P. Azubuike

Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos.

B. O. Silva

Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos.

References

Agbaje EO, Adeneye AA, Daramola AO, (2009). Biochemical and Toxicological Studies of aqueous extract of Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr and Perry (Myrtaceae) in rodents. African. J. Traditional Complement. Altern. Med. 241-254.

Abotsi WKM, Ainooson GK, Gyasi EB, (2011). Acute and sub- acute toxicity studies of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hileria tatifola (Lam.) H.Walt. (Phytolaccaceae) in Rodents, West. Afric. J. Pharm. 22, 27-35.

Aniagu SO, Nwinyi FC, Akumka DD, Ajoku GA, Dzarma S., Izebe KS, Ditse M, Nwaneri PEC, Wambebe C and Gamaniel K ,(2005). Toxicity studies in rats fed nature cure bitters. African Journal of Biotechnology. 4 (1), 72-78.

Anekant J, Yashwant G, Sanjay KJ, (2007). Perspectives of Biodegradable Natural Polysaccharides for Site-Specific Drug Delivery to the Colon. J Pharm Pharmaceutical Sci, 10 (1); 86-128.

Chitra B, Ramaswamy RS, and Suba, V (2015). Toxicity Evaluation of Purna Cantirotaya Centuram, a Siddha Medicine in Wistar Rats, International Scholarly Research Notices, Article ID 473296, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/473296, Hindawi Publishing Corporation.

Dacie JV, Lewis SM, (1991). Practical Haematology 7th edition, Churchill, Living stone UK, 37-56.

European Medicines Agency "ICH Q8 Pharmaceutical Development" (2004): 4 -5.

Ezeja M, Anaga AO, Asuzu IU, (2014). Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Gouania longipetala in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151:1155–1164.

Ibrahim MB, Sowemimo AA, Sofidiya MO, Badmos KB, Fageyinbo MS, AbdulKareem FB, Odukoya OA. (2016). Subacute and chronic toxicity profiles of Murkhamia tomentosa ethanolic leaf extract in rats. J. Ethnopharmacology. 193: 68-75.

Kasim LS, Badejo MV, Daodu JO, Ayanuga JK, Olaitan OJ, (2015). Haematopoietic and Safety Study of Methanolic Extract of the Bark of Trema orientalis (L) Blume (Fam. Umaceae). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research, 4 (3):42-48.

Kennedy GL, Ferenz RL and Burgess BA, (1986). Estimation of acute oral toxicity in rats by determination of the approximate lethal dose rather than the LD50. Journal of Applied Toxicology 6 ( 3): 145–148,

Kwan YP, Darah I, Chen Y, Sreeramanan S and Sasidharan S, (2013). Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Euphorbia hirta L. Methanol Extract in Rats. BioMed Research International Volume Article ID 182064, 14 pp http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/182064

Lipnick RL, Cotruvo RN, Hill RD, Bruce KA, Stitzel AP, Walker I, Chu M, Goddard L, Segal JA , Springer and Meyers, RC, 1995.

Mahmud HS, Oyi AR., Allagh TS, (2008). Studies on some Physicochemical Properties of Khaya senegalensis gum. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 1?7.

National Research Council (NRC), (2006). Toxicity testing for assessing environmental agents, Interim Report, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA,

Obidike I, Salawu O, (2013). Screening of herbal medicines for potential toxicities: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science: New Insight in Toxicity and Drug Testing: Pub. In Tech; 4:63-67.

Ofori Kwakye, K, Asantewa, Y, Kipo, SL, (2010). Physiochemical and binding properties of Cashew tree gum in metronidazole tablet formulations. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2 (4): 105-9.

Ogbonnia, SO, Mbaka, GO, Anyika, EN, Osegbo, OM, Igbokwe, NH, (2010). Evaluation of acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Fam:Asteraceae) in rats; Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America (1)5:859-865.

Okoye EI, Anthony O, Onyekweli AO, Kunle OO, (2012). Solid State Characterization of Anacardium occidentale Gum. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4(19): 3709-3716.

Olson H, Betton G, Robinson D, Thomas K, Monro A, Kolaja G, Lilly PS, Sanders J, Sipes G, Bracken W, Dorato M, Deun KV, Smith P, Berger B, Heller A ,(2000). Concordance of the Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals (in humans and in animals) Regul, Toxicol. Pharmacol 32, 56-67.

Organization for Economic Co-operation Development, (2001). OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: Guideline 423, Acute oral toxicity- Acute toxic class method, Paris, France, 2001b. http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/SuppDocs/FedDocs/OECD/OECD_GL423.pdf

OECD, 2002. OECD Guidance Document on Acute Oral Toxicity Testing. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.

Ram, M. (2004). Dosage forms and Drug Delivery Systems. 37 (46).

Rhodes C, Thomas M, Athis J, (1993). Principles of testing for acute toxic effects. In: General and Applied Toxicology. Vol 1 (Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Turner P, eds). New York:Stockton Press, 49-87.

Roopashree TS, Raman D, Rani RHS and Narendra C, (2009). Acute oral toxicity studies of antipsoriatic herbal mixture comprising of aqueous extracts of Calendula officinalis, Momordica charantia, Cassia tora and Azadirachta indica seed oil, Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 33(2-3): 74–83.

Santos SR., Rangel ET, Lima JC, Silva RM., Loes L, Noldin VF, CechinelFilho V, DelleMonache F, Martins DT, (2009). Toxicological and Phytochemical studies of Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. Stem bark (Guatambu). Pharmazie. 64, 836-839.

Sireatawong S, Lertprasertsuke N, Srisawat U, Thuppia A, Ngaamjariyawat A, Suwannlihio N, Jaijoy K, (2008). Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of the water extract from Tiliacora trianora (Colebr.) Diels in rats. Songklankarin J. Sci. Technol.30, 729–737.

Ukwuani AN, Abubakar MG, Hassan W and Agaie BM (2012). Toxicological studies of hydromethanolic leaves extract of Grewia crenata, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Drug Research, vol. 4, pp. 245–249

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) XXXI <61> (2007). Microbial Limits Test USP.

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) XXXI <61> (2015). Microbial Limits Test USP, <61> Microbiological Examination of Non-Sterile Products; Microbial Enumeration Tests USP and <62> Microbiological Examination of Non-Sterile Products: Tests for Specified Microorganisms.

Tarkang CA, Agbor GA, Armelle TD, Yamthe TLR, David K, Ngadema, YSM, (2012). Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Carica papaya Linn in wistar rats. J. Nat. Pro. Plant Resour. 2,617-62.

Wang L, Li Z, Li L, Li Y, Yu M, Zhou Y, Lv X, Arai H, Xu Y, (2014). Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity profiles of the aqueous extract of Cortex dictanni in mice and rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 158, 207-21.